010 4066 1893 العربية

Knowledge Centre

Scientific updates

Calm summaries of established medical developments, with source links and what each update means for you as a patient.

Keto foods like avocado, eggs, cheese and nuts beside fruit and bread
Scientific updates
Published: 7 October 2026 11 min read Dr. Youssef Hagag (Physician and Medical Researcher in Clinical Nutrition)

Science update: What Does the Evidence Say About Keto Benefits and Risks?

Keto may support short-term weight loss for some people, but evidence does not prove lasting superiority for everyone. Learn the risks, the difference between ketosis and ketoacidosis, and who needs clinical supervision.

Medical sources

  1. Kun X et al. Comparative effects of ketogenic diets and mediterranean diets on obesity and metabolic outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
  2. Żurawski T, Bartosiewicz A. Do Ketogenic Diets Produce Greater Weight Loss than Higher-Carbohydrate Diets Under Comparable Prescribed Energy Conditions? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
  3. Patikorn C et al. Effects of ketogenic diet on health outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials.
  4. Schopf C et al. Adverse events and tolerability of ketogenic diets - a systematic literature analysis.
  5. Acharya P et al. Incidence and Characteristics of Kidney Stones in Patients on Ketogenic Diet: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
  6. Kirkpatrick CF et al. Review of current evidence and clinical recommendations on the effects of low-carbohydrate and very-low-carbohydrate diets for the management of body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors.
  7. US Food and Drug Administration. FARXIGA (dapagliflozin) prescribing information, 2026.
  8. NHS. Diabetic ketoacidosis.
  9. Cucuzzella M et al. Adapting Medication for Type 2 Diabetes to a Low Carbohydrate Diet.
  10. de Amorim ALB et al. Carbohydrate restriction during lactation: A systematic review.
  11. Cervenka MC et al. International Recommendations for the Management of Adults Treated With Ketogenic Diet Therapies.
  12. Lichtenstein AH et al. 2026 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.
  13. StatPearls. The Ketogenic Diet: Clinical Applications, Evidence-based Indications, and Implementation.
Learn more
A blister pack of tablets beside eggs, salmon, milk and yogurt
Scientific updates
Published: 7 October 2026 11 min read Dr. Youssef Hagag (Physician and Medical Researcher in Clinical Nutrition)

Science update: Metformin and vitamin B12, who needs testing and when?

The ADA Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 advise considering periodic vitamin B12 assessment during long-term metformin use, especially with anaemia or neuropathy. Learn who may need testing, why numbness has more than one possible cause, and how treatment is selected without stopping metformin or taking injections at random.

Medical sources

  1. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes. 3. Prevention or Delay of Diabetes and Associated Comorbidities: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026.
  2. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes. 9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026.
  3. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes. 12. Retinopathy, Neuropathy, and Foot Care: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026.
  4. UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Metformin and reduced vitamin B12 levels: new advice for monitoring patients at risk.
  5. NICE. Vitamin B12 deficiency in over 16s: diagnosis and management (NG239), recommendations.
  6. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin B12: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals.
  7. Aroda VR et al. Long-term Metformin Use and Vitamin B12 Deficiency in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study.
  8. de Jager J et al. Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency: randomised placebo controlled trial.
  9. Pratama S et al. The efficacy of vitamin B12 supplementation for treating vitamin B12 deficiency and peripheral neuropathy in metformin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A systematic review.
  10. Obeid R et al. Diagnosis, Treatment and Long-Term Management of Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Adults: A Delphi Expert Consensus.
  11. NHS. Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia.
  12. Harrington DJ et al. The application and interpretation of laboratory biomarkers for the evaluation of vitamin B12 status.
Learn more
Fresh whole foods on one side and wrapped processed snacks on the other
Scientific updates
Published: 7 October 2026 9 min read Dr. Youssef Hagag (Physician and Medical Researcher in Clinical Nutrition)

Science update: What Does New Evidence Say About Ultra-Processed Foods?

The 2025 Lancet Series brought together evidence on ultra-processed foods and health. Learn what the category means, where the evidence is limited, and how to make realistic swaps without fear.

Medical sources

  1. Monteiro CA et al. Ultra-processed foods and human health: the main thesis and the evidence. The Lancet, 2025.
  2. Lane MM et al. Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes: umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses.
  3. Monteiro CA et al. Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them.
  4. Hall KD et al. Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake.
  5. Cordova R et al. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and risk of multimorbidity of cancer and cardiometabolic diseases: a multinational cohort study.
  6. Vadiveloo MK et al. Ultraprocessed Foods and Their Association With Cardiometabolic Health: Evidence, Gaps, and Opportunities: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association.
  7. Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. Processed foods and health: rapid evidence update summary, 2025.
  8. World Health Organization. Healthy diet fact sheet.
  9. NHS. Food labels: how to read nutrition and ingredients information.
  10. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Ultra-processed foods, diet quality and human health.
Learn more
A sunny morning balcony table with tea, eggs, sardines and milk
Scientific updates
Published: 7 October 2026 10 min read Dr. Youssef Hagag (Physician and Medical Researcher in Clinical Nutrition)

Science update: Vitamin D Testing Is Not Routine for Everyone

The Endocrine Society's 2024 guideline changed how routine vitamin D testing is viewed in healthy people. Learn who does not need screening and who may still need testing for a clinical reason.

Medical sources

  1. Demay MB et al. Vitamin D for the Prevention of Disease: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.
  2. Endocrine Society — Vitamin D for the Prevention of Disease Guideline Resources (2024)
  3. Shah VP et al. A Systematic Review Supporting the Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines on Vitamin D.
  4. Correction to: Vitamin D for the Prevention of Disease: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
  5. Endocrine Society — Guideline recommends healthy adults under 75 take the recommended daily allowance of vitamin D
  6. Endocrine Society — Vitamin D for the Prevention of Disease: Patient Summary Resource
  7. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements — Vitamin D: Health Professional Fact Sheet
  8. US Preventive Services Task Force — Vitamin D Deficiency in Adults: Screening
  9. American Family Physician — Vitamin D for Prevention of Disease: Guidelines From the Endocrine Society
  10. Giustina A et al. Consensus Statement on Vitamin D Status Assessment and Supplementation: Whys, Whens, and Hows.
  11. Endocrine Society — Pharmacological Management of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women Guideline Resources
Learn more
A doctor's desk with a stethoscope, a printed document, a laptop and a plant
Scientific updates
Published: 7 October 2026 10 min read Dr. Youssef Hagag (Physician and Medical Researcher in Clinical Nutrition)

Science update: What WHO's GLP-1 obesity guideline actually recommends

In December 2025, WHO issued its first global guideline on GLP-1 therapies for obesity in adults. Learn who it covers, why both recommendations are conditional, and their evidence certainty.

Medical sources

  1. World Health Organization. WHO guideline on the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) therapies for the treatment of obesity in adults. 2025.
  2. World Health Organization. WHO issues global guideline on the use of GLP-1 medicines in treating obesity. 1 December 2025.
  3. World Health Organization. Obesity: GLP-1 therapies. Questions and answers, 2 December 2025.
  4. Celletti F, Farrar J, De Regil L. World Health Organization Guideline on the Use and Indications of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Therapies for the Treatment of Obesity in Adults.
  5. Bracchiglione J et al. Semaglutide for adults living with obesity.
  6. Meza N et al. Liraglutide for adults living with obesity.
  7. Franco JVA et al. Tirzepatide for adults living with obesity.
  8. Mozaffarian D et al. Nutritional priorities to support GLP-1 therapy for obesity: a joint Advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and The Obesity Society.
  9. Wilding JPH et al. Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension.
  10. Aronne LJ et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial.
  11. World Health Organization. Medical Product Alert No. 2/2024: Falsified OZEMPIC (semaglutide).
Learn more
Article illustration: Responsive complementary feeding: follow the baby, do not force
Scientific updates
Published: 5 September 2026 8 min read Dr. Alyaa Said Abu Taleb

Responsive complementary feeding: follow the baby, do not force

Complementary feeding usually starts at about 6 months while milk feeding continues. Offer safe, varied food and respond to hunger and fullness without pressure.

Learn more
Article illustration: Biotin before blood tests: why the laboratory needs to know
Scientific updates
Published: 3 September 2026 7 min read Dr. Mohab Ashraf Fouad

Biotin before blood tests: why the laboratory needs to know

Biotin in many hair and nail supplements can affect the accuracy of some blood tests. Learn what to tell the clinician and laboratory and why not to stop treatment by guesswork.

Medical sources

  1. US FDA — Biotin interference with troponin lab tests
  2. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements — Biotin: Fact sheet for health professionals
  3. Li et al. — AACC Guidance Document on Biotin Interference in Laboratory Tests (2020)
  4. American Thyroid Association — Thyroid Function Tests
  5. US FDA — Testing for Biotin Interference in In Vitro Diagnostic Devices
  6. Samarasinghe et al. — Biotin Interference with Routine Clinical Immunoassays (2017)
  7. Colon and Greene — Biotin Interference in Clinical Immunoassays (2018)
  8. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia — Hair loss
  9. American Academy of Dermatology — Hair loss: Diagnosis and treatment
  10. NHS — Hair loss
  11. Mayo Clinic — Hair loss: Symptoms and causes
  12. Ostrowska et al. — Effect of biotin interference on blood hormone assays (2019)
  13. Bowen et al. — Best practices in mitigating biotin interference (2019)
Learn more
Article illustration: Diabetes review: beyond HbA1c
Scientific updates
Published: 1 September 2026 9 min read Dr. Mohab Ashraf Fouad

Diabetes review: beyond HbA1c

HbA1c matters, but an organised diabetes review also considers glucose patterns, low-glucose risk, kidneys, eyes, feet, blood pressure, medicines and a plan you can realistically follow.

Medical sources

  1. American Diabetes Association: Comprehensive Medical Evaluation and Assessment of Comorbidities, Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026
  2. American Diabetes Association: Glycemic Goals, Hypoglycemia, and Hyperglycemic Crises, Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026
  3. American Diabetes Association: Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management, Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026
  4. American Diabetes Association: Retinopathy, Neuropathy, and Foot Care, Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026
  5. American Diabetes Association: Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management, Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026
  6. American Diabetes Association: Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment, Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026
  7. American Diabetes Association: Standards of Care in Diabetes
  8. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Your Diabetes Care Schedule
  9. US National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: What Is Diabetes?
  10. Saudi Ministry of Health: Periodic check-ups for people with diabetes
Learn more
Article illustration: Non-surgical body contouring safety: modalities, risks and contraindications
Scientific updates
Published: 31 August 2026 9 min read Dr. Shimaa Fouad

Non-surgical body contouring safety: modalities, risks and contraindications

Body contouring is a cosmetic procedure, not an obesity treatment. Learn the safety profiles of 5 cleared modalities, paradoxical hyperplasia, and key contraindications.

Medical sources

  1. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Non-Invasive Body Contouring Technologies. 2024.
  2. Mazzoni D, Lin MJ, Dubin DP, Khorasani H. Review of non-invasive body contouring devices for fat reduction, skin tightening and muscle definition. Australas J Dermatol. 2019;60(4):278-283.
  3. Mah AE, Razeghi P, Li C, et al. Incidence of Paradoxical Adipose Hyperplasia After Cryolipolysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Aesthet Surg J Open Forum. 2025;7:ojaf001.
  4. Lim et al. FDA MAUDE Database Reported Adverse Events on Noninvasive Body Contouring, Cellulite Treatment, and Muscle Stimulation from 2015 to 2021. Dermatol Surg. 2022.
  5. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Overweight and obesity management (NICE guideline NG246). 2023.
  6. Alizadeh Z, Halabchi F, Mazaheri R, Abolhasani M, Tabesh M. Review of the Mechanisms and Effects of Noninvasive Body Contouring Devices on Cellulite and Subcutaneous Fat. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2016;14(4):e36727.
  7. Wulkan AJ, Vazirnia A, Avram MM. Complications With Noninvasive Fat and Cellulite Reduction Devices: A Cross-sectional Analysis of the US Food and Drug Administration Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience Database. Dermatol Surg. 2022;48(7):727-732.
  8. Hedayati B, Juhasz M, Chu S, Mesinkovska NA. Adverse Events Associated With Cryolipolysis: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Dermatol Surg. 2020;46(Suppl 1):S8-S15.
  9. Kohan J, Vyas K, Erotocritou M, et al. High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic (HIFEM) Energy With and Without Radiofrequency for Noninvasive Body Contouring: A Systematic Review. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2024;48(5):915-926.
  10. Friedmann DP, Kommera J, Durga P, et al. Evaluating Real-world Use and Adverse Events From 3262 Patients Treated With 18,203 Cycles of Cryolipolysis for Localized Fat Reduction: A Multilocation Practice Retrospective Chart Review. Aesthet Surg J. 2025;45(5):512-521.
  11. Mysore V, Deepthi M, Chandrashekar BS, et al. Standard operating protocol for utilizing energy-based devices in aesthetic practice. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2024;23(12):3974-3987.
  12. Lin F, Vachiramon V, Casabona G, et al. Microfocused Ultrasound With Visualization for Body Indications: A Global Expert Consensus on Best Practices for Treatment of the Abdomen and Arms. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2025;24(10):3450-3461.
Learn more
Article illustration: Scientific update: obesity care goes beyond BMI
Scientific updates
Published: 29 August 2026 7 min read Dr. Shimaa Fouad

Scientific update: obesity care goes beyond BMI

The new definition of clinical obesity and NICE guidance place waist size, organ function and related disease at the centre of decisions instead of reducing care to a BMI number. Learn what this changes in assessment and treatment.

Medical sources

  1. NICE — Overweight and obesity management (NG246)
  2. NICE — Identifying and assessing overweight, obesity and central adiposity (NG246)
  3. EASO — Clinical Practice Guidelines
  4. Rubino et al. — Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity (Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2025, PMC11870235)
  5. Wharton et al. — Obesity in adults: a clinical practice guideline (CMAJ, PMC7828878)
  6. Padwal et al. — Edmonton Obesity Staging System and mortality (CMAJ, PMC3185097)
  7. Ross et al. — Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice (Nat Rev Endocrinol, PMC7027970)
  8. Rubino et al. — Joint international consensus statement for ending stigma of obesity (Nat Med, PMC7154011)
  9. World Health Organization — Obesity and overweight fact sheet
  10. NHS — Overweight and obesity in adults
  11. NIDDK — Treatment for Overweight & Obesity
  12. NIDDK — Prescription Medications to Treat Overweight & Obesity
  13. USPSTF — Weight Loss to Prevent Obesity-Related Morbidity and Mortality in Adults: Behavioral Interventions
  14. NICE — Overweight and obesity management: medicines and surgery (NG246)
Learn more
Article illustration: Assessing muscle mass and strength in nutrition care
Scientific updates
Published: 27 August 2026 7 min read Dr. Alyaa Said Abu Taleb

Assessing muscle mass and strength in nutrition care

Muscle mass alone is not enough. Good nutrition follow-up combines weight, body composition, strength and performance to detect meaningful change and protect function.

Medical sources

  1. ESPEN and EASO، Sarcopenic obesity: definition and diagnostic criteria
  2. Cruz-Jentoft et al. — Sarcopenia: Revised European Consensus on Definition and Diagnosis (EWGSOP2, PubMed)
  3. Aragon et al. — International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Diets and Body Composition (PMC)
  4. Neeland et al. — Changes in Lean Body Mass with Glucagon-like Peptide-1-based Therapies and Mitigation Strategies (PubMed)
  5. NICE، Overweight and obesity management
  6. GLIM — Guidance for assessment of muscle mass
  7. Chew et al. — Multidisciplinary consensus on muscle health assessment (PubMed)
  8. South Asian Working Action Group on Sarcopenia consensus (PubMed)
  9. International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Sarcopenia (PubMed)
  10. McLean et al. — Developing consensus criteria for sarcopenia (PubMed)
Learn more
Article illustration: Dietary supplements should be targeted, not automatic
Scientific updates
Published: 26 August 2026 7 min read Dr. Shimaa Fouad

Dietary supplements should be targeted, not automatic

Dietary supplements can meet a defined need, but they do not replace food and are not automatically right for everyone. Start with a clear reason, medication review and indicated tests.

Learn more
Article illustration: Vitamin B12 for plant-based eating: plan a reliable source
Scientific updates
Published: 25 August 2026 8 min read Dr. Alyaa Said Abu Taleb

Vitamin B12 for plant-based eating: plan a reliable source

Vitamin B12 in plant-based eating needs a reliable fortified-food or supplement source. Symptoms alone are not enough; testing and treatment depend on diet and absorption risks.

Medical sources

  1. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements، Vitamin B12 Fact Sheet for Consumers
  2. Melina et al. — Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets (PubMed)
  3. El Hasbaoui et al. — Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Case Report and Review of Literature (PMC)
  4. Mechanick et al. — AACE/TOS/ASMBS/OMA/ASA Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bariatric Procedures – 2019 Update (PubMed)
  5. Longo et al. — Evaluation of Vitamin B12 Monitoring in Patients on Metformin (PMC)
  6. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements — Vitamin B12 Fact Sheet for Health Professionals
  7. NICE — Vitamin B12 deficiency in over 16s: recommendations
  8. Rizzo et al. — Vitamin B12 among vegetarians: status, assessment and supplementation (PubMed)
  9. Hannibal et al. — Vitamin B12 status and supplementation in plant-based diets (PubMed, 2024)
  10. NHS — Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia: treatment
Learn more
Article illustration: Scientific update: appetite-regulating weight medicines are not one short course for everyone
Scientific updates
Published: 24 August 2026 7 min read Dr. Shimaa Fouad

Scientific update: appetite-regulating weight medicines are not one short course for everyone

Medical weight treatment may be long term, and the STEP 1 and SURMOUNT-4 trials show that regain after stopping is a biological response, not a failure of willpower. Learn when the plan is reviewed and how to prepare for stopping.

Medical sources

  1. NIDDK — Prescription Medications to Treat Overweight & Obesity
  2. NICE TA875 — Semaglutide for managing overweight and obesity
  3. NICE TA1026 — Tirzepatide for managing overweight and obesity
  4. NICE NG246 — Overweight and obesity management: medicines and surgery
  5. Wilding et al. — Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: the STEP 1 trial extension (Diabetes Obes Metab 2022, PMC9542252)
  6. Aronne et al. — Continued treatment with tirzepatide for maintenance of weight reduction: the SURMOUNT-4 randomized clinical trial (JAMA 2024, PMC10714284)
  7. Cardiometabolic parameter change by weight regain on tirzepatide withdrawal: a post hoc analysis of SURMOUNT-4 (JAMA Intern Med, PMC12645400)
  8. Nutritional status with tirzepatide in obesity: a post hoc analysis of the SURMOUNT-1-4 trials (Obesity Pillars 2026, PMC12865613)
  9. Obesity Management in Adults: A Review (JAMA 2023, PMC11325826)
  10. Joint TOS/OMA/OAC expert guidance statement on the pharmacological management of US adults with overweight or obesity (Obesity 2026, PMC13032058)
  11. NHS — Semaglutide: a medicine to manage type 2 diabetes or treat obesity
  12. NHS — Tirzepatide: a medicine to manage type 2 diabetes and treat obesity
  13. MedlinePlus — Semaglutide Injection
  14. NHS — Obesity: treatment
Learn more
Article illustration: Scientific update: movement has health benefits even when the scale barely changes
Scientific updates
Published: 23 August 2026 7 min read Dr. Shimaa Fouad

Scientific update: movement has health benefits even when the scale barely changes

Activity is not judged by weight alone: fitness, heart, glucose, liver, sleep, mood and muscle all benefit from regular movement, even when the scale stays still.

Medical sources

  1. WHO — Physical activity fact sheet
  2. NHS — Physical activity guidelines for adults aged 19 to 64
  3. NHS — Benefits of exercise
  4. NIDDK — Health Tips for Adults
  5. MedlinePlus — Exercise and Physical Fitness
  6. Weeldreyer et al. — Cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Br J Sports Med 2025, PMC11874340)
  7. Momma et al. — Muscle-strengthening activities are associated with lower risk and mortality in major non-communicable diseases (Br J Sports Med 2022, PMC9209691)
  8. Buffey et al. — The acute effects of interrupting prolonged sitting time with standing and light-intensity walking on cardiometabolic biomarkers (Sports Med 2022, PMC9325803)
  9. Paluch et al. — Daily steps and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of 15 international cohorts (Lancet Public Health 2022, PMC9289978)
  10. Noetel et al. — Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (BMJ 2024, PMC10870815)
  11. Exercise versus standard therapy in steatotic liver disease spectrum: systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression (J Clin Med 2026, PMC13412719)
  12. NHS — Chest pain
Learn more
Article illustration: Mesotherapy gone wrong: safety, warning signs and what to do
Scientific updates
Published: 22 August 2026 12 min read Dr. Shimaa Fouad

Mesotherapy gone wrong: safety, warning signs and what to do

Mesotherapy does not name one product, area or injection technique. Learn what may be temporary, what needs prompt assessment, and why the exact vial and safe process matter.

Medical sources

  1. FDA — Using fat-dissolving injections that are not FDA approved can be harmful
  2. FDA — Kybella (deoxycholic acid) prescribing information
  3. CDC — Safe injection practices to prevent transmission of infections to patients
  4. CDC — Safe injection practices and your health
  5. Plachouri et al. — Mesotherapy: safety profile and management of complications (PubMed)
  6. Matarasso & Pfeifer — Mesotherapy for local fat reduction (PubMed)
  7. Park et al. — Effectiveness of mesotherapy on body contouring (PubMed)
  8. Singsing et al. — Mesotherapy-associated non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections: systematic review (PubMed)
  9. Sañudo et al. — Nontuberculous mycobacteria infection after mesotherapy: 15 cases (PubMed)
  10. Wongkitisophon et al. — Cutaneous Mycobacterium abscessus infection associated with mesotherapy injection (PubMed)
Learn more
Article illustration: High blood pressure: why a pattern of readings matters
Scientific updates
Published: 21 August 2026 9 min read Dr. Mohab Ashraf Fouad

High blood pressure: why a pattern of readings matters

A high reading matters, but it is not always a diagnosis by itself. Learn how clinicians confirm a pattern, how to make a useful home record and when not to wait.

Learn more
Article illustration: Type 2 diabetes remission is not a permanent cure
Scientific updates
Published: 20 August 2026 8 min read Dr. Mohab Ashraf Fouad

Type 2 diabetes remission is not a permanent cure

Type 2 diabetes remission means glucose remains below the diagnostic range without glucose-lowering medicine for a defined period. It is not a cure, and follow-up continues.

Learn more
Article illustration: Coeliac testing before a gluten-free diet: why order matters
Scientific updates
Published: 19 August 2026 7 min read Dr. Mohab Ashraf Fouad

Coeliac testing before a gluten-free diet: why order matters

Coeliac testing needs to happen while you are still eating gluten. Starting a gluten-free diet too early can reduce antibodies and intestinal changes, making results harder to interpret.

Learn more
Article illustration: Fatty liver or fibrosis? What ultrasound can say and what comes next
Scientific updates
Published: 18 August 2026 10 min read Dr. Mohab Ashraf Fouad

Fatty liver or fibrosis? What ultrasound can say and what comes next

Ultrasound may show an appearance consistent with liver fat, but it cannot by itself stage fibrosis. Understand the difference between an image, blood tests and scar-risk assessment.

Learn more
Article illustration: Scientific update: silent gallstones usually do not need treatment
Scientific updates
Published: 17 August 2026 8 min read Dr. Mohab Ashraf Fouad

Scientific update: silent gallstones usually do not need treatment

An incidental stone is not the same as symptomatic gallbladder disease; the decision rests on symptoms, complications and the bile ducts, with specific exceptions a clinician may discuss.

Learn more
Article illustration: Scientific update: repeated safety questions before surgery are deliberate
Scientific updates
Published: 16 August 2026 9 min read Dr. Mohab Ashraf Fouad

Scientific update: repeated safety questions before surgery are deliberate

The surgical safety checklist turned identity, procedure, site and allergy checks into explicit team pauses rather than assumptions.

Medical sources

  1. WHO, Surgical Safety Checklist tools and resources
  2. WHO, Safe surgery saves lives: frequently asked questions
  3. Haynes et al., A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population (2009)
  4. Treadwell et al., Surgical checklists: a systematic review of impacts and implementation (2014)
  5. Alsadoun et al., Evaluating the Impact of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist (2024)
  6. Helmiö et al., Towards better patient safety: WHO Surgical Safety Checklist (2011)
  7. Paterson et al., Barriers and facilitators associated with surgical safety checklists (2023)
  8. Armstrong et al., Effect of the surgical safety checklist on provider and patient outcomes (2022)
  9. White et al., Implementation Strategies and Uptake of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist (2021)
  10. Ambulkar et al., WHO Surgical Safety Checklist implementation audit (2018)
Learn more
Article illustration: Multidisciplinary bariatric assessment: what each team member reviews
Scientific updates
Published: 15 August 2026 10 min read Dr. Mohab Ashraf Fouad

Multidisciplinary bariatric assessment: what each team member reviews

Bariatric assessment is neither a weight number nor quick approval; surgical, medical, nutritional, psychological and anaesthetic review builds a safer decision and plan.

Medical sources

  1. NIDDK — Weight-loss (Metabolic & Bariatric) Surgery
  2. Mechanick et al. — Clinical practice guidelines for perioperative nutrition, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of bariatric patients (PubMed)
  3. Stenberg et al. — ERAS Society recommendations for perioperative care in bariatric surgery, 2021 update (PMC)
  4. Sogg et al. — Recommendations for the presurgical psychosocial evaluation of bariatric surgery patients (PubMed)
  5. ASMBS — Bariatric Surgery Procedures
  6. ASMBS — Life After Bariatric Surgery
  7. ASMBS — Integrated Health Nutritional Guidelines: Micronutrients
  8. BOMSS — Post-bariatric surgery nutritional guidance for GPs
  9. O’Kane et al. — BOMSS biochemical monitoring and micronutrient replacement guidelines, 2020 update (PMC)
  10. MedlinePlus — Vertical sleeve gastrectomy
  11. MedlinePlus — Weight Loss Surgery
  12. Cleveland Clinic — Gastric Sleeve Surgery
  13. NIDDK — Potential candidates for weight-loss surgery
Learn more
Article illustration: Lifelong bariatric follow-up: why it continues after weight loss
Scientific updates
Published: 14 August 2026 10 min read Dr. Shimaa Fouad

Lifelong bariatric follow-up: why it continues after weight loss

Lifelong bariatric follow-up protects nutrition and general health and reviews medicines, symptoms, weight and psychological support even after results settle.

Medical sources

  1. NIDDK — Weight-loss (Metabolic & Bariatric) Surgery
  2. Mechanick et al. — Clinical practice guidelines for perioperative nutrition, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of bariatric patients (PubMed)
  3. Stenberg et al. — ERAS Society recommendations for perioperative care in bariatric surgery, 2021 update (PMC)
  4. Sogg et al. — Recommendations for the presurgical psychosocial evaluation of bariatric surgery patients (PubMed)
  5. ASMBS — Bariatric Surgery Procedures
  6. ASMBS — Life After Bariatric Surgery
  7. ASMBS — Integrated Health Nutritional Guidelines: Micronutrients
  8. BOMSS — Post-bariatric surgery nutritional guidance for GPs
  9. O’Kane et al. — BOMSS biochemical monitoring and micronutrient replacement guidelines, 2020 update (PMC)
  10. MedlinePlus — Vertical sleeve gastrectomy
  11. MedlinePlus — Weight Loss Surgery
  12. Cleveland Clinic — Gastric Sleeve Surgery
  13. MedlinePlus — Your diet after gastric bypass surgery
Learn more
Article illustration: Acne needs gentle care, not aggressive scrubbing
Scientific updates
Published: 13 August 2026 8 min read Dr. Shimaa Fouad

Acne needs gentle care, not aggressive scrubbing

Acne is not a sign of dirty skin. Gentle cleansing and a simple routine limit irritation, while scrubbing and squeezing can worsen inflammation and marks.

Medical sources

  1. American Academy of Dermatology — Acne: Tips for managing
  2. American Academy of Dermatology — Acne scars: Overview
  3. American Academy of Dermatology — Acne: Diagnosis and treatment
  4. American Academy of Dermatology — How to treat different types of acne
  5. NHS — Acne
  6. NIAMS — Acne: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Steps to Take
  7. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia — Acne
  8. Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin — Managing acne vulgaris: an update (2024)
  9. American Academy of Dermatology — 10 tips for clearing acne in darker skin tones
  10. U.S. FDA — Isotretinoin Capsule Information
  11. American Academy of Dermatology — Acne can affect more than your skin
  12. American Academy of Pediatrics — Teen Acne: How to Treat and Prevent This Common Skin Condition
  13. Personalising Acne Consensus — Acne sequelae, pigmentation and scarring (2021)
  14. American Academy of Dermatology — Adult acne
  15. American Academy of Dermatology — Stubborn acne? Hormonal therapy may help
  16. American Academy of Dermatology — How to fade dark spots in darker skin tones
  17. Auffret et al. — Acne-induced Post-inflammatory Hyperpigmentation: From Grading to Treatment (2025)
Learn more
Article illustration: Cellulite is a natural skin structure feature: causes, anatomy and treatment limits
Scientific updates
Published: 12 August 2026 9 min read Dr. Shimaa Fouad

Cellulite is a natural skin structure feature: causes, anatomy and treatment limits

Cellulite is a structural skin feature, not obesity. Learn how fibrous septae shape dimples, why it affects women predominantly, and what clinical treatments offer.

Medical sources

  1. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Cellulite. National Library of Medicine. 2024.
  2. Gabriel A, et al. Cellulite: Current Understanding and Treatment. Aesthet Surg J Open Forum. 2023;5:ojad050.
  3. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Non-Invasive Body Contouring Technologies. 2024.
  4. Khan MH, Victor F, Rao B, Sadick NS. Treatment of cellulite: Part I. Pathophysiology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(3):361-370.
  5. American Academy of Dermatology (AAD). Cellulite Treatments: What Really Works? 2023.
  6. Khan MH, Victor F, Rao B, Sadick NS. Treatment of cellulite: Part II. Advances and controversies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(3):373-384.
  7. Luebberding S, Krueger N, Sadick NS. Cellulite: an evidence-based review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2015;16(4):243-256.
  8. LaTowsky B, Jacob C, Hibler BP, et al. Cellulite: Current Treatments, New Technology, and Clinical Management. Dermatol Surg. 2023;49(Suppl 1):S1-S10.
  9. Shridharani SM, Moradi A, Khalifian S, et al. Cellulite: Clinical Challenges and Future Perspectives. Dermatol Surg. 2023;49(Suppl 1):S11-S17.
  10. Sadick N. Treatment for cellulite. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2018;5(1):68-72.
  11. Arora G, Patil A, Hooshanginezhad Z, et al. Cellulite: Presentation and management. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022;21(4):1393-1401.
  12. Tanzi E, Capelli CC, Robertson D, et al. Improvement in Cellulite Appearance After a Single Treatment Visit With Acoustic Subcision: Long-Term Findings From a Multicenter Clinical Trial. Dermatol Surg. 2024;50(2):142-147.
Learn more
Article illustration: Scientific update: a child’s growth is a trajectory, not a single comparison
Scientific updates
Published: 11 August 2026 7 min read Dr. Alyaa Said Abu Taleb

Scientific update: a child’s growth is a trajectory, not a single comparison

Modern growth standards use weight, height and change over time; one measurement or a comparison with a classmate cannot make the judgement. Learn when a change on the chart needs assessment.

Learn more
Article illustration: Ultrasound: sound waves, but a defined clinical question
Scientific updates
Published: 10 August 2026 10 min read Dr. Mohab Ashraf Fouad

Ultrasound: sound waves, but a defined clinical question

Ultrasound does not use ionising radiation, but it is not an automatic answer to every pain or report. Learn what it does and which question it can answer.

Learn more
Article illustration: Normal abdominal ultrasound but pain continues: what the result means and what comes next
Scientific updates
Published: 9 August 2026 10 min read Dr. Mohab Ashraf Fouad

Normal abdominal ultrasound but pain continues: what the result means and what comes next

A normal scan can be reassuring about particular organs and a defined question, but it neither diagnoses IBS nor excludes every cause of abdominal pain. Learn the sensible next step and warning signs.

Learn more

Knowledge Centre

How La Rose reviews Knowledge Centre content

Every published entry identifies its publication date, listed author and reviewer where available, and linked medical sources. Each full entry includes a publication record so readers can see recorded information without us guessing an unrecorded update date.

Start with a real consultation - book now

Booking ahead is required. Patients are seen in order of arrival.

Book an appointment WhatsApp